Valor del hemograma automatizado pretratamiento como predictor de sobrevida a 5 años en cáncer de cuello uterino estadio clínico IIB ­ IVA / Value of pretreatment automated hemogram as a 5-year survival predictor in uterine cervical cancer clinical stage IIB-IVA

Objetivo:Identificar el valor del hemograma automatizado pretratamiento como predictor de sobrevida actuarial y sobrevida actuarial libre de enfermedad a 5 años en pacientes con cáncer de cuello uterino estadio clínico IIB-IVA. Análisis de sobrevida que evaluó Material y Métodos:a 48 pacientes con diagnóstico anatomopatológico de cáncer de cuello uterino estadio clínico IIB-IVAtratadas con quimioradioterapia atendidas en el servicio de Oncología Médica en el Hospital de Alta Complejidad Virgen de la puerta durante el periodo 2015-2017. Resultados:La edad media de las pacientes fue 51,78 ± 12,06 años (Rango: 32-77 años). El tamaño tumoral promedio fue de 5,55 ± 1,33 cm (Rango: 3 ­ 9 cm). En cuanto al estadio clínico según la clasificación FIGO se encontró que el 77,7% fue catalogada como estadio IIB, 20,8% como IIIB y el 2,1% tuvo diagnóstico de cáncer de cérvix estadio IVA. En el análisis univariado se encontró que laanemia,leucocitosis,trombocitosis,índiceneutrófilo/linfocito,neutrofiliaeíndice plaquetas/linfocitos alto no son predictores de sobrevida actuarial a 5 años (p>0,05), en cuanto a la sobrevida libre de enfermedad a 5 años se encontró que la anemia, leucocitosis e índice neutrófilo/linfocito pretratamiento presentaron una tendencia a la significancia (p=0,05-0,1) y la neutrofilia pretratamiento es un predictor de sobrevida libre de enfermedad a 5 años siendo estadísticamentesignificativo(0%vs38,9%,p=0,026).Laneutrofilia Conclusión:pretratamiento (>7500 µL) es un factor pronóstico de sobrevida libre de enfermedad a 5 años en pacientes con cáncer de cuello uterino estadio clínico IIB-IVAsometidas a quimioradioterapia

Objetive:To identify the value of the automated pretreatment blood count as a predictor of actuarial survival and 5-year disease-free actuarial survival in patients with clinical stage IIB-IVAcervical cancer. Analysis of survival that evaluated 48 patients Material and Methods:withpathologicdiagnosisofclinicalstageIIB-IVA cervicalcancertreatedwith chemoradiotherapy treated at the Medical Oncology service at the Virgen de la Puerta High Complexity Hospital during the period 2015-2017. The mean age of the patients was Results:51.78 ± 12.06 years (Range: 32-77 years). The average tumor size was 5.55 ± 1.33 cm (Range: 3 - 9 cm). Regarding the clinical stage according to the FIGO classification, it was found that 77.7% was classified as stage IIB, 20.8% as IIIB and 2.1% had a diagnosis of stage IVA cervical cancer. Univariate analysis found that anemia, leukocytosis, thrombocytosis, neutrophil / lymphocyte index, neutrophilia, and high platelet / lymphocyte index are not predictors of 5-year actuarial survival (p> 0.05), in terms of disease-free survival at 5 years it was found that anemia, leukocytosis and pretreatment neutrophil / lymphocyte index showed a trend towards significance (p = 0.05-0.1) and pretreatment neutrophilia is a predictor of 5-year disease-free survival, being statistically significant (0% vs 38.9%, p = 0.026). Pretreatment Conclusion:neutrophilia (> 7,500 µL) is a prognostic factor for 5-year disease-free survival in patients with clinical stage IIB-IVAcervical cancer undergoing chemoradiotherapy

Evaluation of survival of patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer treated in a single center / Avaliação da sobrevida de pacientes com câncer de cabeça e pescoço localmente avançado tratados em um único centro

Abstract Introduction: Even with improved treatment outcomes with multimodality approaches, the question of what is the best initial treatment for locally advanced head and neck cancer still remains unanswered. Objective: To review the overall survival of a large cohort of head and neck cancer, patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer treated in a single institution. Material and methods: We studied a cohort of patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer treated in our institution in the last fifteen years. To gather a large sample of patients with adequate follow-up time, a cross-check between ours and Fundação Oncocentro de São Paulo databases were done. We included patients with head and neck cancer, clinical or pathological staging III or IV, treated with surgery followed by radiotherapy or surgery plus chemoradiation or radiotherapy alone or chemoradiation alone. Results: 796 patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer were included, 88% male, 44% age >60 years and 76% stage IV. The tumor location was the oral cavity (34%), oropharynx (27%), hypopharynx (17%) and larynx (17%). The treatment groups were chemoradiation alone (39.7%), surgery plus chemoradiation (26.3%), surgery followed by radiotherapy (18.5%) and radiotherapy alone (15.5%). Comparing the clinical variables between the treatment groups significant differences in age and clinical stage were observed. With a median follow up of 7.5 years (1-16 years), for the entire cohort, the overall survival at 5 and 10 years was 34.8% and 28%. The overall survival at 5 and 10 years was 16.7% and 12.2% for radiotherapy alone, 38.8% and 26.3% for surgery followed by radiotherapy, 28% and 16.6% for chemoradiation alone, and 37.3% and 23.2% for surgery plus chemoradiation. The staging IV (p = 0.03) and radiotherapy alone (p = 0.05), had a worst survival in multivariate analysis. Surgical groups vs. chemoradiation alone had no significant difference for overall survival. Conclusion: The present study is the largest cohort of locally advanced head and neck cancer of Brazilian patients to evaluate treatment outcomes. Although there were significant clinical differences between surgical and radiotherapy groups, surgery or chemoradiation alone as the initial treatment resulted in no significant difference in survival.

Resumo Introdução: Mesmo com a melhora dos desfechos de tratamento com abordagens multimodais, a dúvida sobre qual seria o melhor tratamento inicial para o câncer de cabeça e pescoço localmente avançado ainda permanece sem resposta. Objetivo: Mostrar a sobrevida global de uma grande coorte de pacientes com câncer de cabeça e pescoço localmente avançado tratados em uma única instituição. Material e método: Projetamos uma coorte de pacientes com câncer de cabeça e pescoço localmente avançado tratados em nossa instituição nos últimos 15 anos. Para reunir uma grande amostra de pacientes com tempo de seguimento adequado, foi realizada uma verificação cruzada entre nosso banco de dados e o banco de dados da fundação oncocentro de São Paulo. Foram incluídos os pacientes com câncer de cabeça e pescoço, estadiamento clínico ou histopatológico III ou IV, tratados com cirurgia seguida de radioterapia ou quimiorradioterapia ou radioterapia isolada ou quimiorradioterapia isolada. Resultados: Foram incluídos 796 pacientes com câncer de cabeça e pescoço localmente avançado, sendo 88% do sexo masculino, 44% com idade > 60 anos e 76% no estágio IV. O tumor estava localizado na cavidade oral (34%), orofaringe (27%), hipofaringe (17%) e laringe (17%). Os grupos de tratamento foram quimiorradioterapia (39,7%), cirurgia seguida de radioterapia ou quimiorradioterapia (26,3%), cirurgia seguida de radioterapia (18,5%) e radioterapia isolada (15,5%). Comparando as variáveis clínicas entre os grupos de tratamento, foram observadas diferenças significativas de idade e estágio clínico. Com uma mediana de tempo de seguimento de 7,5 anos (1-16 anos) para toda a coorte, a sobrevida global em 5 e 10 anos foi de 34,8% e 28%. A sobrevida global em 5 e 10 anos foi de 16,7% e 12,2% para radioterapia isolada, 38,8% e 26,3% para cirurgia seguida de radioterapia, 28% e 16,6% para quimiorradioterapia e 37,3% e 23,2% para cirurgia seguida de radioterapia ou quimiorradioterapia. O estágio IV (p = 0,03) e a radioterapia isolada (p = 0,05) apresentaram pior sobrevida na análise multivariada. Grupos cirúrgicos versus quimiorradioterapia não apresentaram diferença significante para a sobrevida global. Conclusão: O presente estudo é a maior coorte de câncer de cabeça e pescoço localmente avançado de pacientes brasileiros para avaliação dos desfechos do tratamento. Embora houvesse diferenças clínicas significativas entre os grupos cirúrgico e radioterápico, a cirurgia ou a quimiorradioterapia, como tratamento inicial, não apresentaram diferenças significantes em relação à sobrevida.

Valor del hemograma automatizado pretratamiento como predictor de sobrevida a 5 años en cáncer de cuello uterino estadio clínico IIB - IVA / Value of pretreatment automated hemogram as a 5-year survival predictor in uterine cervical cancer clinical stage IIB-IVA

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar el valor del hemograma automatizado pretratamiento como predictor de sobrevida actuarial y sobrevida actuarial libre de enfermedad a 5 años en pacientes con cáncer de cuello uterino estadio clínico IIB-IVA. Material y Métodos: Análisis de sobrevida que evaluó a 48 pacientes con diagnóstico anatomopatológico de cáncer de cuello uterino estadio clínico IIB-IVA tratadas con quimioradioterapia atendidas en el servicio de Oncología Médica en el Hospital de Alta Complejidad Virgen de la puerta durante el periodo 2015-2017. Resultados: La edad media de las pacientes fue 51,78 ± 12,06 años (Rango: 32-77 años). El tamaño tumoral promedio fue de 5,55 ± 1,33 cm (Rango: 3 - 9 cm). En cuanto al estadio clínico según la clasificación FIGO se encontró que el 77,7% fue catalogada como estadio IIB, 20,8% como IIIB y el 2,1% tuvo diagnóstico de cáncer de cérvix estadio IVA. En el análisis univariado se encontró que la anemia, leucocitosis, trombocitosis, índice neutrófilo/linfocito, neutrofilia e índice plaquetas/linfocitos alto no son predictores de sobrevida actuarial a 5 años (p>0,05), en cuanto a la sobrevida libre de enfermedad a 5 años se encontró que la anemia, leucocitosis e índice neutrófilo/linfocito pretratamiento presentaron una tendencia a la significancia (p=0,05-0,1) y la neutrofilia pretratamiento es un predictor de sobrevida libre de enfermedad a 5 años siendo estadísticamente significativo (0% vs 38,9%, p=0,026). Conclusión: La neutrofilia pretratamiento (>7500 μL) es un factor pronóstico de sobrevida libre de enfermedad a 5 años en pacientes con cáncer de cuello uterino estadio clínico IIB-IVA sometidas a quimioradioterapia.

ABSTRACT Objetive: To identify the value of the automated pretreatment blood count as a predictor of actuarial survival and 5-year disease-free actuarial survival in patients with clinical stage IIB- IVA cervical cancer. Material and Methods: Analysis of survival that evaluated 48 patients with pathologic diagnosis of clinical stage IIB-IVA cervical cancer treated with chemoradiotherapy treated at the Medical Oncology service at the Virgen de la Puerta High Complexity Hospital during the period 2015-2017. Results: The mean age of the patients was 51.78 ± 12.06 years (Range: 32-77 years). The average tumor size was 5.55 ± 1.33 cm (Range: 3 - 9 cm). Regarding the clinical stage according to the FIGO classification, it was found that 77.7% was classified as stage IIB, 20.8% as IIIB and 2.1% had a diagnosis of stage IVA cervical cancer. Univariate analysis found that anemia, leukocytosis, thrombocytosis, neutrophil / lymphocyte index, neutrophilia, and high platelet / lymphocyte index are not predictors of 5-year actuarial survival (p> 0.05), in terms of disease-free survival at 5 years it was found that anemia, leukocytosis and pretreatment neutrophil / lymphocyte index showed a trend towards significance (p = 0.05-0.1) and pretreatment neutrophilia is a predictor of 5-year disease-free survival, being statistically significant (0% vs 38.9%, p = 0.026). Conclusion: Pretreatment neutrophilia (> 7,500 μL) is a prognostic factor for 5-year disease-free survival in patients with clinical stage IIB-IVA cervical cancer undergoing chemoradiotherapy

Nimotuzumab combinado con quimioradioterapia en pacientes con carcinoma epidermoide esofágico avanzado en el mundo real / Nimotuzumab combined with chemoradiotherapy in patients with advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in the real world

Introducción: La supervivencia global de pacientes con cáncer de esófago continúa siendo baja a pesar de los avances terapéuticos realizados en las últimas décadas. Objetivo: Evaluar respuesta al tratamiento y supervivencia global. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo y observacional en pacientes con carcinoma epidermoide esofágico avanzado, tratados con nimotuzumab combinado con quimioradioterapia, atendidos en el Servicio de Oncología Clínica del Hospital Ameijeiras, entre enero 2013 y junio de 2019 (n = 94). Se utilizó chi-cuadrado para la asociación de variables, con un valor p< 0,05. Se evaluó supervivencia global por el método de Kaplan Meier, y la prueba de Log-Rank para la comparación de las curvas. Resultados: La tasa de respuesta objetiva y de control de enfermedad fue 64,9 por ciento y 83 por ciento, respectivamente. El esquema de quimioterapia con cisplatino/fluouracilo fue el empleado con más frecuencia. Las variables con mayor respuesta y significación estadística fueron: ECOG cero, color de piel no blanca, tratamiento radiante ≥ 50 Gy, y más de catorce dosis de nimotuzumab. La mediana de supervivencia fue 13,03 meses (IC95 por ciento -10,9; 15,2), y las variables asociadas a una mayor probabilidad de supervivencia fueron: ECOG cero, dosis de quimioterapia > 75 por ciento de lo planificado, tratamiento radiante ≥ 50 Gy, más de catorce dosis de nimotuzumab, y alcanzar una respuesta objetiva (p< 0,05). Solo 5,8 por ciento de los pacientes presentaron toxicidades clasificadas como grado 3-5. Conclusiones: En condiciones de práctica clínica, este esquema de combinación obtuvo óptimas tasas de respuesta objetiva y supervivencia con buen perfil de toxicidad(AU)

Introduction: Overall survival of esophageal cancer patients remains low despite the therapeutic advances achieved in the last decades. Objective: Evaluate response to treatment and overall survival. Methods: An observational retrospective study was conducted of patients with advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma treated with nimotuzumab combined with chemoradiotherapy at the Clinical Oncology Service of Ameijeiras Hospital from January 2013 to June 2019 (n = 94). Association of variables was analyzed with the chi-square test, using a value of p < 0.05. Overall survival was evaluated with the Kaplan-Meier method, whereas the Log-Rank test was used to compare the curves. Results: Objective response and disease control rates were 64.9 percent and 83 percent, respectively. The chemotherapy scheme with cisplatin / fluorouracil was the most commonly applied. The variables with the greatest response and statistical significance were ECOG zero, skin color not white, radiation therapy ≥ 50 Gy and more than 14 doses of nimotuzumab. Median survival was 13.03 months (CI 95 percent -10,9; 15,2), whereas the variables associated to a greater probability of survival were ECOG zero, chemotherapy dose > 75% of plan, radiation therapy ≥ 50 Gy, more than 14 doses of nimotuzumab, and achieving an objective response (p< 0.05). Only 5.8 percent of the patients presented toxicities classified as grades 3-5. Conclusions: In clinical practice conditions, this combination scheme achieved optimum objective response and survival rates with a good toxicity profile(AU)

Cáncer avanzado de orofaringe. Nuevo paradigma de tratamiento / ADVANCED OROPHARYNGEAL CANCER TREATED WITH SEQUENTIAL CHEMORADIATION PRESERVING THE ORGAN

Antecedentes: Hasta la década del 80 los pacientes con esta patología eran intervenidos quirúrgicamente. A partir de 1997 la Cleveland Clinic publica un estudio basado en la quimioradioterapia en el cáncer avanzado de orofaringe con resultados similares a los de la época anterior, pero con preservación del órgano. En nuestro medio no existe bibliografía que analice estadísticamente los resultados y los factores que lo condicionaron. Objetivo: Evaluar los resultados con quimioradioterapia secuencial en el cáncer avanzado de la región orofaríngea. Lugar de aplicación: Hospital de atención terciaria Diseño: Prospectivo no randomizado Material y metodo: Desde Enero del 2002 al 30 de diciembre del 2004 se estudiaron 60 pacientes, 55 pertenecían al sexo masculino, con edad media de 60 años, el 76.7% eran T III y los restantes T IV con tumores malignos de la región orofaríngea mediante quimioradioterapia secuencial. Resultados: La supervivencia a 152 meses fue del 30.1%. El análisis univariado, demostró que el estadío, con p<0,001, la reducción con p=0,010 y la cirugía de rescate con p=0,028 fueron las únicas variables estadísticamente significativas, mientras la edad, el sexo y la localización no tuvieron los mismos resultados. En el análisis multivariado, el estadío con una p< 0.001, el sexo con una p=0.016 y la reducción con una p=0.024 resultaron ser estadisticamente significativos. Conclusiones: El tratamiento de los tumores de la región orofaríngea, en estadíos III y IV, mediante quimioradioterapia secuencial alcanzaron resultados similares a los tratados con cirugía seguida de radioterapia, pero con preservación del órgano

Background: Until the 80th decade, patients with advanced oropharyngeal cancer were surgically treated. In 1997 the Cleveland Clinic published similar results with chemoradiotherapy but preserving the organ. In our country there are not papers analyzing those results and conditional factors. Objective: Evaluation of sequential chemoradiation results in advanced oropharyngeal cancer Setting: Public tertiary care Hospital of tumours Design: Prospective not randomized. Population and methods: From January 2002 to December 2008, 60 patients were analysed, 55 of them were male with a mean age of 60, 76.7% TIII/IV oropharyngeal carcinomas treated with sequential chemoradiation. Results: The overall 152 months of survival was 30.1%. Univariate analize showed stage p<001, reduce of lesion p:0.010 and rescue surgery p:0.028 were statiscally significative. Age, gender and subsite had not similar results. In multivariate analize only stage p:0.001, gender p: 0.016 and reduce of lesion p:0.024 resulted statiscally significative. Conclusions: Sequential chemoradiation of III and IV stage tumours of oropharyngeal area have similar long terms results than those treated with surgery plus radiation but with organ preservation

Predictors of pathological response and clinical outcome following chemoradiation for locally advanced rectal cancer - a systematic review / Preditores de resposta patológica e de outcome clinico após quimioradioterapia neoadjuvante para cancro do reto localmente avançado - uma revisão sistemática

Abstract Background: Colorectal cancer is one of the most common types of cancer and is associated with a high lethality rate. Treatment is multidisciplinary, and neoadjuvant chemoradiation is recommended in locally advanced rectal cancer. About 15% of patients answer favorably to neoadjuvant chemoradiation, so it is important to determine the predictors of response. Objective: To review the results of studies that analyzes the predictors of complete pathological response to neoadjuvant chemoradiation in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer. Search methods: We searched for eligible articles in data bases Pubmed and Scopus, between the 12th and the 20th of March 2020. The following key words were used: "predictors of response", "chemoradiation" and "locally advanced rectal cancer". Selection criteria: Inclusion criteria: Studies including patients with locally advanced rectal cancer, patients receiving neoadjuvant chemoradiation as treatment, studies including predictors of response to neodjuvant chemoradiation, overall survival as an outcome and regarding language restrictions, only articles in English were accepted, only studies published until the 31st of December 2019 were accepted. Main results: Fourteen studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Thirteen are cohort studies and one is a clinical trial. Four groups of predictors were defined: blood markers, tumors, histopathological and patients' characteristics. Author's conclusions: During the analysis of the articles, there were several predictors identified as potential candidates for clinical practice, such as high pre neoadjuvant chemoradiation Carcinoembryonic Antigen levels and small post neoadjuvant chemoradiation tumor size. Nevertheless, it is difficult to make definitive conclusions about the most reliable predictors. That is why it is crucial to initiate further studies with standardized cut-off values and a methodology homogenization.

Resumo Introdução: O cancro colorretal é um dos cancros mais prevalentes em Portugal e tem associada uma alta taxa de letalidade. Atualmente, o tratamento é multidisciplinar, e a quimioradioterapia neoadjuvante está indicada no Cancro do Reto Localmente Avançado. Sabe-se que cerca de 15% dos doentes responde favoravelmente à quimioradioterapia neoadjuvante, sendo por isso importante determinar quais os preditores de resposta a este tipo de tratamento. Objetivo: Rever os resultados dos estudos que analisam os preditores de resposta completa à quimioradioterapia em pacientes com Cancro do Reto Localmente Avançado. Métodos de pesquisa: Pesquisamos artigos elegíveis nos bancos de dados Pubmed e Scopus, desde o dia 12 a 20 de Março de 2020. Foram utilizadas as seguintes palavras chave: "preditores de resposta", "quimioradioterapia neoadjuvante" e "Cancro do Reto Localmente Avançado". Critérios de seleção: Critérios de inclusão: Estudos que incluam pacientes com Cancro do Reto Localmente Avançad, pacientes sujeitos a quimioradioterapia neoadjuvante, preditores de resposta à quimioradioterapia, que avaliem a sobrevivência como outcome, escritos em inglês e publicados até dia 31 de Dezembro de 2019. Resultados principais: Catorze estudos preencheram os critérios de inclusão. De todos os artigos, treze são Cohort e um é Clinical Trial. Foram definidos quatro grupos de preditores: marcadores de sangue e caraterísticas do tumor, histopatológicas e dos pacientes. Conclusões dos autores: Durante a análise dos artigos, foram identificados vários preditores como potenciais candidates para a prática clínica, tais como o valor elevado de antigénio carcinoembrionário pré- quimioradioneoaajuvância e tamanho reduzido. Contudo, é arriscado elaborar conclusões concretas relativamente aos preditores mais confiáveis. Por isso, é crucial iniciar novos estudos com valores de cut-off estandardizados e métodos com maior homogeneidade.

Deglutition manifestations in patients with oropharyngeal cancer subjected to conservative therapy: systematic review / Manifestações da deglutição em pacientes com câncer de orofaringe submetidos à terapia conservadora: revisão sistemática

ABSTRACT Objectives: To characterize scientific production and identify deglutition changes in individuals with oropharyngeal cancer subjected to conservative therapy. Methods: The search was applied to five electronic database [Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health (PubMed), Web of Science, and Scopus], besides the search of grey literature in the databases (OpenThesis e OpenGrey), avoiding selection and publication bias. Prospective longitudinal studies concerning the theme: deglutition disorders in individuals with oropharyngeal cancer subjected to conservative therapy were considered eligible. The risk of bias and the evaluation of individual methodological quality of the selected studies were measured by "The Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal tools for use in JBI Systematic Reviews" for prospective and longitudinal studies. Results: The search resulted in 899 records and after analysis four of them fulfilled the eligibility criteria. Among the studies included, all individuals presented some type of deglutition changes, the most common were: reduced of strength and retraction of the base of the tongue, delayed deglutition trigger, reduced laryngeal elevation, presence of residues on tongue and palate, in the pharyngeal area, valleculae, and posterior pharyngeal wall, as well as in the vestibules and in pyriform sinuses. Conclusion: The evidence from this systematic review suggests that conservative therapies cause deglutition changes or amplify the pre-existing ones, regardless of the type and magnitude of radiation, as well as tumor staging. However, there is little standardization in the research methodologies, making a meta-analysis study difficult to conduct.

RESUMEN Objetivos: Caracterizar la producción científica e identificar las alteraciones de deglución en personas con cáncer de orofaringe sometidas a tratamiento conservador. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda en cinco bases de datos electrónicas [Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health (PubMed), Web of Science y Scopus], además de la literatura gris en las bases de datos OpenThesis y OpenGrey, evitando sesgo de selección y publicación. Se consideraron elegibles los estudios longitudinales prospectivos sobre el tema: trastornos de deglución en pacientes con cáncer de orofaringe sometidos a tratamiento conservador. El riesgo de sesgo y la calidad metodológica individual de los estudios seleccionados se evaluaron mediante la herramienta de evaluación crítica del Instituto Joanna Briggs (JBI) para uso de sus revisiones sistemáticas, estudios prospectivos y longitudinales. Resultados: La búsqueda encontró 899 registros y, tras análisis, cuatro de ellos cumplieron los criterios de elegibilidad. Entre los estudios incluidos, todos los pacientes presentaron algún tipo de trastorno de la deglución. Los más frecuentes fueron: fuerza y retracción reducidas de la base de la lengua, retraso en el disparo de la deglución, elevación laríngea reducida, presencia de residuo en lengua y paladar, en región faríngea, valléculas y pared posterior de la faringe, así como en el interior de los vestíbulos y en los senos piriformes. Conclusión: Esta revisión sistemática sugiere que los tratamientos conservadores producen alteraciones de deglución o intensifican aquellas que ya existen, independientemente del tipo y de la intensidad de radiación, así como de la estadificación del tumor. Hay, sin embargo, poca estandarización en las metodologías de investigación, lo que hace difícil un estudio de metanálisis.

RESUMO Objetivos: Caracterizar a produção científica e identificar as alterações da deglutição em indivíduos com câncer de orofaringe submetidos à terapia conservadora. Métodos: Realizou-se uma busca em cinco base de dados eletrônicas [Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health (PubMed), Web of Science e Scopus], além da busca da literatura cinzenta nas bases de dados (OpenThesis e OpenGrey), evitando viés de seleção e publicação. Foram considerados elegíveis estudos longitudinais prospectivos sobre o tema: alterações de deglutição em indivíduos com câncer de orofaringe submetidos à terapia conservadora. O risco de viés e a qualidade metodológica individual dos estudos selecionados foram avaliados pela ferramenta de avaliação crítica do Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) para uso de suas revisões sistemáticas, estudos prospectivos e longitudinais. Resultados: A busca resultou em 899 registros e, após análise, quatro deles atenderam aos critérios de elegibilidade. Entre os estudos incluídos, todos os indivíduos apresentaram algum tipo de alteração de deglutição; os mais frequentes foram: força e retração da base da língua reduzidas, atraso no disparo da deglutição, elevação laríngea reduzida, presença de resíduo em língua e palato, em região faríngea, valéculas e parede posterior da faringe, bem como no interior dos vestíbulos e em seios piriformes. Conclusão: Esta revisão sistemática sugere que as terapias conservadoras produzem distúrbios de deglutição ou intensificam os já existentes, independentemente do tipo e da intensidade de radiação, bem como do estadiamento do tumor. Há, no entanto, pouca padronização nas metodologias das pesquisas, dificultando um estudo de metanálise.

Oncological outcomes in extended time intervals between preoperative chemoradiotherapy with capecitabine and surgery in operable rectal adenocarcinoma / Resultados oncológicos en intervalos extendidos de tiempo entre quimioradioterapia preoperatoria con capecitabina y cirugía en adenocarcinoma rectal operable

Objective: To assess whether extended time intervals (8-12, 13-20 and >20 weeks) between the end of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and surgery affect overall survival, disease-free survival. Materials and methods: Retrospective study in 120 patients with rectal adenocarcinoma without evidence of metastasis (T1-4/N0-2/M0) at the time of diagnosis that underwent surgery with curative intent after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy with capecitabine and obtained R0 or R1 resection between January 2010 to December 2014 at the National Cancer Institute of Peru. Dates were evaluated by Kaplan-Meier method, log- rank test and Cox regression analysis. Results: Of the 120 patients, 70 were women (58%). The median age was 63(26-85) years. All received neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. No significant difference was found between the association of the median radial (0.6, 0.7 and 0.8 cm; p=0.826) and distal edge (3.0, 3.5 and 4.0 cm; p=0.606) with time interval groups and similarly the mean resected (18.8, 19.1 and 16.0; p=0.239) and infiltrated nodules (1.05, 1.29 and 0.41); p=0.585). The median follow-up time of overall survival and desease free survival was 40 and 37 months, respectively. No significant differences were observed in overall survival (79.0%, 74.6% and 71.1%; p=0.66) and disease-free survival (73.7%, 68.1% and 73.6%; p=0.922) according to the three groups studied at the 3-year of follow-up. Conclusions: We found that widening the time intervals between the end of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and surgery at 24 weeks does not affect the overall survival, disease-free survival and pathological outcomes. It allows to extend the intervals of time for future studies that finally will define the best time interval for the surgery

Objetivo: Evaluar si los intervalos de tiempo extendidos (8-12, 13-20 y >20 semanas) entre el fin de la quimioradioterapia neoadyuvante y la cirugía afectan la sobrevida global, y la sobrevida libre de enfermedad. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de 120 pacientes con adenocarcinoma rectal sin evidencia de metástasis (T1-4/N0-2/M0) al momento del diagnóstico que se sometieron a cirugía con intención curativa luego de quimioradioterapia neoadyuvante con capecitabina y tuvieron resección R0 o R1 entre enero 2010 y diciembre 2014 en el Instituto Nacioanal de Enfermedades Neoplásicas de Perú. El análisis se hizo con el método de Kaplan-Meier, la prueba log-rank y la regresión de Cox. Resultados: De 120 pacientes, 70 fueron mujeres (58%). La mediana de la edad fue 63 años (26-85 años). Todos recibieron quimioradioterapia neoadyuvante. No hubo diferencia significativa entre la asociación de las medianas de los bordes radial (0,6, 0.7 y 0,8 cm; p=0,826) y distal (3,0, 3,5 y 4,0 cm; p=0,606) con los intervalos de tiempo de los grupos y similarmente con la media de los ganglios resecados (18,8, 19,1 y 16,0; p=0,239) e infiltrados (1,05, 1,29 y 0,41; p=0,585). No se observaron diferencias significativas en sobrevida global (79,0%, 74,6% y 71,1%; p=0,66) y sobrevida libre de enfermedad (73,7%, 68,1% y 73,6%; p=0,922), en los tres grupos estudiados a 3 años de seguimiento. Conclusiones: Encontramos que aumentar los intervalos de tiempo entre el fin de la quimioradioterapia neoadyuvante y la cirugía hasta 24 semanas no afecta la sobrevida global, sobrevida libre de enfermedad ni los desenlaces patológicos. Esto permitiría extender los intervalos de tiempo en estudios futuros para definir el mejor intervalo de tiempo para la cirugía